نوافون
منظمة ناوافون ( بالتايلاندية : ขบวนการนวพล ، وتُكتب أيضًا نافابول ، ونوابول ، ونوابول ، وتُترجم بمعانٍ مختلفة مثل "القوة الجديدة"، و"القوة التاسعة"، [ 1 ] أو "القوى التسع الجديدة" [ 2 ] : 80، كانت منظمة دعائية تايلاندية يمينية متطرفة ، [ 3 ] ووطنية ، [ 4 ] وبوذية ، [ 3 ] ومعادية للشيوعية، [5] [6 ] ونشطت خلال الفترة الديمقراطية القصيرة للبلاد في منتصف سبعينيات القرن العشرين. وُصفت ناوافون بأنها وحدة حرب نفسية. مهمتها: دعم الغور الحمر ونشر الدعاية بين الشعب التايلاندي . [ 8 ]
تأسست منظمة ناوافون على يد واتانا كيوفيمول عام ١٩٧٤. وكان واتانا رئيسًا لرابطة الطلاب التايلانديين في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أثناء دراسته في جامعة سيتون هول . [ ٤ ] حظيت ناوافون بدعم قيادة عمليات الأمن الداخلي التابعة للجيش التايلاندي [ ٨ ] ووزارة الداخلية . [ ١ ] وقيل إن للجماعة صلات برجال أعمال أثرياء وسياسيين ومجلس الأمن القومي والمخابرات العسكرية التايلاندية. [ ٣ ] حشدت ناوافون التجار ورجال الأعمال والرهبان المعارضين للتغيير الاجتماعي والديمقراطية، خوفًا على ثرواتهم. [ ٨ ] استقطبت المنظمة عددًا من الرهبان البوذيين، أبرزهم كيتيووتو بيكو ، الذي اشتهر بتصريحه بأن قتل الشيوعيين ليس خطيئة. [ ٨ ] [ ٩ ]
The movement was opposed to parliamentary democracy and campaigned for the three principles of nation, religion, monarchy.[4] Nawaphon attracted considerable support due to the common feeling that these national principles were threatened by left-wing forces.[4] In 1976, the group was thought to have 30,000–50,000 members.[2]:82 Nawaphon played a key role in the anti-leftist agitation that led to the Thammasat University massacre on 6 October 1976,[4] in which members of the organization were involved.[3]
After the coup re-establishing the military rule following the massacre, Nawaphon's popularity diminished due to suspicions that it had become a means of catering to the ambitions of the military clique.[4]
An alternative view on Nawaphon's membership has been given by historian Thongchai Winichakul, who pointed out that unlike the Red Gaurs and the Village Scouts, the other right-wing groups involved in the massacre, information on Nawaphon is scarce and much of it seems to derive from boasts made by Wattana. In addition, photos of large gatherings attributed to the group came from mixed crowds, not allowing different right-wing groups to be distinguished. Thongchai therefore suggested that Nawaphon may have been "a phantom organization intended to inflate the image of the right-wing movement" that had no base of its own but took credit for counterinsurgency operations by the ISOC.[10][11]
See also
References
- 12Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2009), A History of Thailand, Cambridge University Press, p. 192, ISBN 9780521767682
- 12Suksamran, Somboon (1982). Buddhism and Politics in Thailand; A Study of Socio-Political Change and Political Activism of the Thai Sangha. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 76–83. ISBN 9971902435. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- 1234Schmid, Alex P.; Jongman, Albert J. (2005), Political Terrorism, Transaction Publishers, p. 671, ISBN 9781412815666
- 123456Leifer, Michael (2001), "Nawaphon Movement (Thailand)", Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia (Hardcover) (3rd ed.), Taylor & Francis, p. 199, ISBN 0415238757
- ↑Elinor Bartak (1993). The Student Movement in Thailand, 1970-1976. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. p. 27.
- ↑Alan Klima (2002). The Funeral Casino: Meditation, Massacre, and Exchange with the Dead in Thailand. Princeton University Press. p. 26.
- ↑Karin Zackari (2016). "Violence on the Periphery of the Thai State and Nationhood". In Bettina Koch (ed.). State Terror, State Violence: Global Perspectives. Springer VS. p. 86.
- 1234Ungphakorn, Puey (1977). "Violence and the Military Coup in Thailand". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 9 (3): 11. doi:10.1080/14672715.1977.10406422. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ↑"Politics and Religion Mix for Asia's Activist Monks". Reuters. 11 September 2007 – via USC Annenberg School for Communications.
- ↑Winichakul, Thongchai (2020). Moments of Silence: The Unforgetting of the October 6, 1976, Massacre in Bangkok. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9780824889999.
- ↑"ไม่มีนวพลใน 6 ตุลา: องค์กรผีของ กอ.รมน. - waymagazine.org | นิตยสาร WAY". waymagazine.org. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
- Organizations established in 1974
- Propaganda organizations
- Propaganda in Thailand
- Political advocacy groups in Thailand
- Anti-communist organizations
- Anti-communism in Thailand
- Far-right politics in Thailand
- 1974 establishments in Thailand
- Monarchist organizations
- Buddhism and politics
