Achang language

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The Achang language (Achang: Ngachang; Chinese:阿昌, Burmese: အာချန်) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Achang (also known as Maingtha and Ngochang) in Yunnan, China, and northern Myanmar.[1]

Distribution

Achang is spoken in the following locations:

The three main dialects of Achang in China are:[2]

  • Longchuan 陇川方言
  • Lianghe 梁河方言
  • Mangshi 芒市方言 (formerly known as Luxi 潞西方言)

The Xiandao dialect (100 speakers; autonym: Chintaw /kʰan³¹tau³¹/) is spoken in the following two locations in Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture (Xiandaoyu Yanjiu).

  • Xiandaozhai 仙岛寨, Mangmian Village 芒面村, Jiemao Township 姐冒乡[3]
  • Meng'ezhai 勐俄寨, Mangxian Village 芒线村, Jiemao Township 姐冒乡[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes[5]
LabialAlveolarPost-Alv.PalatalVelarGlottal
plainsibilant
Stopaspiratedpʰtʰtsʰtʃʰcʰkʰʔ
voicedbddzdʒɟɡ
Fricativesʃçh
Nasalmnŋ
Approximantwlj

Voiced sounds /b,d,dz,dʒ,ɟ,ɡ/ can also be heard as voiceless [p,t,ts,tʃ,c,k] in free variation among speakers.

Vowels

Monophthongs[5]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiɯu
Midɛɔ
Openaˑa
Syllabicŋ̍

/i,ɛ,aˑ/ can also have lax vowel counterparts as [ɪ,æ,ʔaˑ].[5]

Syntax

Achang word order is subject–object–verb. There is no dominant order for nouns and their adjective modifiers.[6]

References

  1. 12Achang at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑Yang, Lu 杨露 (2020). Achangyu yuyin de fangyan dilixue yanjiu 阿昌语语音的方言地理学研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press 中国社会科学出版社. OCLC 1232141802.
  3. ↑"Yíngjiāng Xiàn Nòngzhāng Zhèn Mángmiǎn Cūn Xiāndǎo Zìráncūn" 盈江县弄璋镇芒缅村仙岛自然村[Xiandao Natural Village, Mangmian Village, Nongzhang Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
  4. ↑"Yíngjiāng Xiàn Nòngzhāng Zhèn Mángxiàn Cūn Měngé Zìráncūn" 盈江县弄璋镇芒线村勐俄自然村[Meng'e Natural Village, Mangxian Village, Nongzhang Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2016-03-09. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  5. 123Inglis, Douglas; Inglis, Connie (2003), A Preliminary Phonology of Ngochang– via Academia.edu
  6. ↑"Language Achang". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Retrieved 2019-02-06.

Further reading

  • Nasaw Sampu; Wilai Jaseng; Thocha Jana; Douglas Inglis (2005), A Preliminary Ngochang – Kachin – English Lexicon(PDF)– via SIL.org
  • Shí, Jiàn; Jiǎng, Guāngyǒu; Zhào, Yànzhēn [时建，蒋光友，赵燕珍] (2019). Yúnnán Mángshì Lùxī Āchāngyǔ [云南芒市潞西阿昌语]. Beijing: Commercial Press [商务印书馆].
  • Yabu, Shirō 藪 司郎 (1990). "The Achang Language of Burma". In Sakiyama, Osamu 崎山 理 (ed.). Ajia no shogengo to ippan gengogakuアジアの諸言語と一般言語学[Asian Languages and General Linguistics]. Tokyo: Sanseidō. pp. 124–141.
  • Xie, Hongmei 谢红梅 (2019). Achangyu fangyan cihuiji 阿昌语方言词汇集. Kunming: Yunnan Ethnic Publishing House 云南民族出版社. ISBN 978-7-5367-7568-8. (3,023-item comparative word list of the Longchuan, Lianghe, and Mangshi dialects)