Pierre Messmer
Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (French:[pjɛʁmɛsmɛʁ]; 20 March 1916 –29 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since Étienne François, duc de Choiseul under Louis XV – and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974. A member of the French Foreign Legion, he was considered one of the historical Gaullists, and died aged 91 in the military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce in August 2007. He was elected a member of the Académie française in 1999; his seat was taken over by Simone Veil.[1]
Early career
Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer was born in Vincennes in 1916. He graduated in 1936 in the language school ENLOV and the following year at the École nationale de la France d'outre-mer (National School of Oversea France).[1]
He then became a senior civil servant in the colonial administration and became a Doctor of Laws in 1939. In the outbreak of World War II, he was sous-lieutenant of the 12th regiment of Senegalese tirailleurs, and refused France's capitulation after the defeat.[1] He then hijacked in Marseille an Italian cargo ship (the Capo Olmo), along with his friend Jean Simon (a future French General), and sailed first to Gibraltar, then London and engaged himself in the Free French Forces as a member of the 13th Demi-Brigade of the French Foreign Legion.[1][2]
ثم شارك مسمر في الحملة العسكرية في إريتريا ، وسوريا ، وليبيا ، حيث شارك في معركة بئر حكيم ، وفي الحملة التونسية . [ 1 ] كما قاتل في معركة العلمين في مصر. [ 3 ] وانضم إلى هيئة الأركان العسكرية للجنرال كونيغ في لندن ، وشارك في عمليات الإنزال في نورماندي في أغسطس 1944 وتحرير باريس . [ 1 ]
[2 ] حصل على لقب رفيق التحرير في عام 1941، [ 2 ] وحصل على صليب الحرب مع ستة أوسمة بعد التحرير، بالإضافة إلى ميدالية المقاومة . [ 1 ]
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، عاد إلى المستعمرات ووقع أسير حرب لدى الفيت مين لمدة شهرين في عام 1945، بعد اندلاع حرب الهند الصينية الأولى . [ 1 ] وفي العام التالي، عُيّن أمينًا عامًا للجنة الوزارية المشتركة لشؤون الهند الصينية ، ثم رئيسًا لهيئة أركان المفوضية العليا للجمهورية. [ 1 ]
مسؤول استعماري في أفريقيا
بدأ مسمر خدمته الأفريقية رفيعة المستوى كحاكم لموريتانيا من عام 1952 إلى عام 1954، ثم شغل منصب حاكم ساحل العاج من عام 1954 إلى عام 1956، عندما عاد لفترة وجيزة إلى باريس ضمن طاقم غاستون ديفير ، وزير الأقاليم ما وراء البحار الذي سن قانون ديفير الذي منح الأقاليم الاستعمارية الحكم الذاتي الداخلي، وهي خطوة أولى نحو الاستقلال.
في العام نفسه، عُيّن مسمر حاكمًا عامًا للكاميرون ، حيث اندلعت حرب أهلية في العام السابق عقب حظر اتحاد شعوب الكاميرون (UPC) في يوليو 1955. وقد بدأ عملية إنهاء الاستعمار ، واستورد أساليب الحرب المضادة للثورة التي نُظِّر لها في الهند الصينية وطُبِّقت خلال الحرب الجزائرية (1954-1962). [ 4 ] وخلال زيارته لديغول في باريس، مُنح ضمنيًا إذنًا لتغيير سياساته في الكاميرون، والتي استبدلت القمع بالتفاوض مع اتحاد شعوب الكاميرون. [ 4 ]
A "Pacification Zone" – the ZOPAC (Zone de pacification du Cameroon) was created on 9 December 1957, englobing 7,000 square km controlled by seven infantry regiments.[4] Furthermore, a civilian-military intelligence apparatus was created, combining colonial and local staff, assisted by a civilian militia. Mao Zedong's people's war was reversed in an attempt to separate the civilian population from the guerrilla. In that aim, the local population was rounded up in guarded villages located on the main roads that were controlled by the French Army.[4]
Messmer served as high commissioner of French Equatorial Africa from January 1958 to July 1958, and as high commissioner of French West Africa from 1958 to 1959.
Minister of Armies (1959–1969)
From 1959 to 1969, under Charles de Gaulle's presidency and in the turmoil of the Algerian War, he was Minister of Armies. He was confronted with the 1961 Generals' Putsch, reorganised the French Army and adapted it to the nuclear era.[1]
In 1960, Messmer visited Lisbon and expressed lament for the United Nations resolutions against colonialism and approved of the Estado Novo regime's hardline stance against decolonisation on the grounds that Portugal represented the last vestige of white Western civilisation on the African continent.[5]
Messmer gave permission for former Algerian War veterans to fight in Katanga against the newly independent Congo and United Nations peacekeeping forces. He confided to Roger Trinquier that it was de Gaulle's ambition to replace the Belgians and control a reunited Congo from Élisabethville.[6]
Along with the Minister of Research, Gaston Palewski, Messmer was present at the Béryl nuclear test in Algeria, on 1 May 1962 during which an accident occurred. Officials, soldiers, and Algerian workers escaped as they could, often without wearing any protection. Palewski died in 1984 of leukemia, which he always has attributed to the Beryl incident, and Messmer always remained close-mouthed on the affair.[7][8]
De Gaulle said that along with Maurice Couve de Murville, Messmer was "one of his two arms.[3] " In May 68, he advised de Gaulle against the use of the military.[1]
Messmer became a personality of the Gaullist Party and was elected deputy in 1968, representing Moselledépartement. A member of the conservative wing of the Gaullist movement, he criticised the "New Society" plan of Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas and thus won the trust of Georges Pompidou, elected President in 1969.[3] He quit the government after de Gaulle's resignation and founded the association Présence du gaullisme (Presence of Gaullism).[1]
From the 1970s to the 2000s
He occupied cabinet positions again in the 1970s, serving first as Minister of state charged of the Overseas Territories in 1971,[9] then as Prime Minister from July 1972 to May 1974.
Messmer's cabinet (July 1972 – May 1974)
He succeeded in this function to Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who had adopted a parliamentary reading of the Constitution, which Messmer opposed in his investiture speech.[9] Messmer had been chosen by Pompidou as a guarant of his fidelity to de Gaulle, and his cabinet included personalities close to Pompidou, such as Jacques Chirac, named Minister of Agriculture.[10]
Due to President Georges Pompidou's illness, he dealt with the everyday administration of the country and adopted a conservative stance opposed to Chaban-Delmas' previous policies. Henceforth, he stopped the liberalization of the ORTF media governmental organization, naming as its CEO Arthur Conte, a personal friend of Pompidou.[10]
في عهده، تفاوضت الأغلبية الرئاسية لاتحاد الديمقراطيين من أجل الجمهورية (UDR) مع الجمهوريين المستقلين بزعامة فاليري جيسكار ديستان على تحالف انتخابي، مكّنها من الفوز في انتخابات عام 1973 رغم التحالف اليساري الذي تحقق مع البرنامج المشترك لعام 1972. [ 10 ] استبعدت حكومة مسمر الثانية العديد من الديغوليين، من بينهم ميشيل ديبري ، بينما عيّن العديد من أعضاء الجمهوريين المستقلين، مثل ميشيل بونياتوفسكي ، المقرب من جيسكار، الذي عُيّن بدوره وزيرًا للاقتصاد والمالية . [ 10 ] كما أُعيد إنشاء وزارة الإعلام ووضعت تحت سلطة المحافظ المتشدد فيليب مالو . [ 10 ] في يونيو 1974، بدأ مسمر بناء 13 محطة نووية لمواجهة أزمة النفط . [ 1 ] [ 11 ]
في عام ١٩٧٤، بعد وفاة بومبيدو، شجع المقربون من مسمر على الترشح للرئاسة. فقبل بشرط انسحاب شابون-ديلماس وفاليري جيسكار ديستان وإدغار فور . وافق فور، وكذلك جيسكار بشرط انسحاب شابون-ديلماس أيضًا. إلا أن شابون-ديلماس، رغم حملة صحيفة "البط المتسلسل " ضده، أصرّ على موقفه، مما دفع مسمر إلى سحب ترشيحه. وفي النهاية، انتُخب فاليري جيسكار ديستان ، وهو منافس محافظ للديغوليين . وشغل منصب رئيس الوزراء لبضعة أسابيع أخرى بعد وفاة بومبيدو، وانتهت ولايته بعد الانتخابات الرئاسية. وخلفه جاك شيراك في ٢٩ مايو ١٩٧٤. [ ١٢ ] بعد انتخاب جيسكار، لم يشغل أي مناصب وزارية أخرى، وأصبح أحد أبرز الأصوات التاريخية للديغولية. [ 3 ]
الحياة المهنية اللاحقة والوفاة
Messmer remained a Member of Parliament for the Moselle department until 1988, and served as President of the Lorraine regional assembly from 1968 to 1992. He was mayor of the town of Sarrebourg from 1971 to 1989. Messmer was also president of the Rally for the Republic (RPR) parliamentary group during the first cohabitation (1986–1988), under Jacques Chirac's government.[1] In 1997 he testified as a witness during the trial of Maurice Papon, charged of crimes against humanity committed under the Vichy regime, and declared: "The time has come when the Frenchmen could stop hating themselves and begin to grant pardon to themselves".[13] Along with some other former Resistants, he demanded Papon's pardon in 2001.[1]
He died in 2007 aged 91, just four days after fellow Prime Minister Raymond Barre. He was the last surviving major French Politician to have been a member of the Free French forces.
Political career
Governmental functions
- Prime Minister: 1972–1974
- Minister of State, Minister of Departments and Overseas Territories: 1971–1972
- Minister of Armies: 1960–1969
Electoral mandates
National Assembly
- Member of the National Assembly of France for Moselle: 1969–1971, 1974–1988
Regional Council
General Council
- General councillor of Moselle: 1970–1982
Municipal Council
- Mayor of Sarrebourg: 1971–1989
- Municipal councillor of Sarrebourg: 1971–1989
Honours
An important figure of the French Resistance during World War II, Pierre Messmer was a member of the Ordre de la Libération, and the recipient of numerous decorations including the highest rank of the Légion d'honneur. In 2006, he was named Chancellier de l'Ordre de la Libération after the death of General Alain de Boissieu.[2] He was also an officer of the American Legion.[2]
In 1992 he became president of the Institut Charles de Gaulle and, in 1995, of the Fondation Charles de Gaulle.[1]
He also became elected as a member of the Académie française (the French language academy) in 1999, replacing a Gaullist comrade, Maurice Schumann.[1] He was also a member of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences since 1988, and, since 1976, of the Académie des sciences d'outre-mer (Academy of Sciences of Overseas Territories). He was named perpetual secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1995.[2] He was also chancellor of the Institut de France (1998–2005) before becoming honorary chancellor.[2]
In October 2001, Messmer succeeded to the General Jean Simon as President of the Fondation de la France libre (Foundation of Free France).[2]
National
France:
Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (1993)
Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (1974)
Foreign
Indonesia:
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (1972)[14]
Messmer's First Ministry, 5 July 1972 – 2 April 1973
- Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
- Maurice Schumann – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Michel Debré – Minister of National Defense
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of the Interior
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – Minister of Economy and Finance
- Jean Charbonnel – Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
- Joseph Fontanet – Minister of National Education, Labour, Employment, and Population
- René Pleven – Minister of Justice
- André Bord – Minister of Veterans
- Jacques Duhamel – Minister of Cultural Affairs
- Jacques Chirac – Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
- Olivier Guichard – Minister of Housing, Tourism, Equipment, and Regional Planning
- Robert Galley – Minister of Transport
- Jean Foyer – Minister of Public Health
- Hubert Germain – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Yvon Bourges – Minister of Commerce
- Roger Frey – Minister of Administrative Reforms
- Edgar Faure – Minister of Social Affairs
Changes
- 15 March 1973 – André Bettencourt succeeds Schumann as interim Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- 16 March 1973 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Pleven as interim Minister of Justice.
Messmer's Second Ministry, 6 April 1973 – 1 March 1974
- Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
- Michel Jobert – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Robert Galley – Minister of Armies
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of the Interior
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – Minister of Economy and Finance
- Jean Charbonnel – Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
- Georges Gorse – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
- Jean Taittinger – Minister of Justice
- Joseph Fontanet – Minister of National Education
- André Bord – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- Maurice Druon – Minister of Cultural Affairs
- Jacques Chirac – Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
- Robert Poujade – Minister of Natural Protection and Environment
- Bernard Stasi – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
- Olivier Guichard – Minister of Housing, Tourism, Regional Planning, and Equipment
- Yves Guéna – Minister of Transport
- Joseph Comiti – Minister of Relations with Parliament
- Michel Poniatowski – Minister of Public Health
- Hubert Germain – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Philippe Malaud – Minister of Information
- Jean Royer – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry
- Alain Peyrefitte – Minister of Administrative Reforms
Changes
- 23 October 1973 – Philippe Malaud becomes Minister of Civil Service. Jean-Philippe Lecat succeeds Malaud as Minister of Information
Messmer's Third Ministry, 1 March – 28 May 1974
- Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
- Michel Jobert – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Robert Galley – Minister of Armies
- Jacques Chirac – Minister of the Interior
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – Minister of Economy and Finance
- Yves Guéna – Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Craft Industry
- Georges Gorse – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
- Jean Taittinger – Minister of Justice
- Joseph Fontanet – Minister of National Education
- Alain Peyrefitte – Minister of Cultural Affairs and Environment
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
- Olivier Guichard – Minister of Regional Planning and Equipment
- Hubert Germain – Minister of Relations with Parliament
- Michel Poniatowski – Minister of Public Health
- Jean Royer – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Jean-Philippe Lecat – Minister of Information
Changes
- 11 April 1974 – Hubert Germain succeeds Royer as interim Minister of Posts and Telecommunications.
Bibliography
- 1939 Le Régime administratif des emprunts coloniaux. Thesis for his Doctorate of Laws (Librairie juridique et administrative)
- 1977 Le Service militaire. Débat avec Jean-Pierre Chevènement (Balland)
- 1985 Les Écrits militaires du général de Gaulle, in collaboration with Professor Alain Larcan (PUF)
- 1992 Après tant de batailles, Mémoires (Albin Michel)
- 1998 Les Blancs s’en vont. Récits de décolonisation (Albin Michel)
- 2002 La Patrouille perdue (Albin Michel)
- 2003 Ma part de France (Xavier de Guibert)
See also
References
- 1234567891011121314151617Thomas Ferenczi, Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mortArchived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 29 August 2007 (in French)
- 1234567Pierre Messmer est mortArchived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Le Figaro, 29 August 2007 (in French)
- 1234Messmer, légionnaire et baron gaullisteArchived 2 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Radio France International, 30 August 2007 (in French)
- 1234David Servenay, Pierre Messmer, un soldat que le Cameroun n'a pas oubliéArchived 3 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Rue 89, 30 August 2007 (in French)
- ↑Byrnes, Melissa K. (26 May 2019). "Diplomacy at the end of empire: evolving French perspectives on Portuguese colonialism in the 1950s and 1960s". Cold War History. 19 (4): 477–491. doi:10.1080/14682745.2019.1597857. S2CID 191733021. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ↑Othen, Christopher (7 September 2015). Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-6580-4. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑La bombe atomique en héritage, L'Humanité, 21 February 2007 (in French)
- ^ بيير ميسمير : désinformation et opacité sur le nucléaire Civil et Militaire ، Sortir du nucléaire ، HNS ، 2 سبتمبر 2007 (بالفرنسية)
- 1 2 خطاب السياسة العامة (Discourse de politique générale) مؤرشف في 27 سبتمبر 2007 في Wayback Machine (خطاب السياسة العامة) لميسمر خلال حفل تنصيبه عام 1972، موقع الحكومة الفرنسية (باللغة الفرنسية)
- 1 2 3 4 5 Le gouvernement de Pierre Messmer أرشفة 19 سبتمبر 2007 في آلة Wayback .، politique.net، (بالفرنسية)
- ↑ مقابلة مع بيير مسمر مؤرشفة في 30 سبتمبر 2007 على موقع Wayback Machine في 3 يونيو 1974 (فيلم)، على موقع الحكومة الفرنسية (باللغة الفرنسية)
- ↑ "فيديو لتسليم السلطة بين مسمر وشيراك" . مؤرشف من الأصل بتاريخ 30 سبتمبر 2007.
- ^ الفرنسية: “ Le temps est venu où les Français pourraient cesser de se haïr et beginer de se pardonner” ، نقلاً عن توماس فيرينزي في Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort أرشفة 8 سبتمبر 2007 في آلة Wayback .، لوموند ، 29 أغسطس 2007 (بالفرنسية)
- ^ "م سوهارتو أو كواي دورساي | INA" .
روابط خارجية
- منظمة الأمم المتحدة والحرب المدنية بقلم ميسمير (بالفرنسية)
- صفحة متحف وسام التحرير عن بيير مسمر (بالفرنسية)
- مواليد عام 1916
- وفيات عام 2007
- سكان فينسين
- رفاق التحرير
- الحكام والإداريون الاستعماريون الفرنسيون
- السكان الفرنسيون المستعمرون في الكاميرون
- أسرى الحرب الفرنسيون في القرن العشرين
- سياسيون من الجمهورية الفرنسية الخامسة
- وزراء دفاع فرنسا
- وزراء العدل في فرنسا
- خريجو مدرسة ليسيه لويس لو غران
- خريجو المدرسة الوطنية لفرنسا خارج مير
- أعضاء الأكاديمية الفرنسية
- أعضاء أكاديمية العلوم الأخلاقية والسياسة
- رؤساء وزراء فرنسا
- جنود الفيلق الأجنبي الفرنسي
- أفراد الجيش الفرنسي في الحرب العالمية الثانية
- ضباط الجيش الفرنسي
- وسام الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
- الحاصلون على الصليب الحربي 1939-1945 (فرنسا)
- تجمع سياسيين من أجل الجمهورية
- سياسيون من اتحاد الديمقراطيين من أجل الجمهورية
- وزراء ما وراء البحار الفرنسيين
- الحكام الاستعماريون الفرنسيون لموريتانيا
- الحاصلون الفرنسيون على وسام جوقة الشرف
