أحجار الرون الفايكنجية

تم توثيق هذا الحجر الروني الموجود في أودنسلوندا خلال عمليات المسح الروني السويدية في القرن السابع عشر، ولكنه اختفى منذ ذلك الحين. يُصنف هذا الحجر على أنه منحوت على طراز RAK، وهو الطراز الأقدم، ويُستخدم في النقوش التي تحتوي على أشرطة نصية رونية ذات نهايات مستقيمة دون أي رؤوس ثعابين أو وحوش.

كان هذا الحجر الروني عبارة عن صخرة كبيرة تقع في غاديرستا، لكنها اختفت. ربما كان من طراز Pr4، المعروف أيضًا باسم طراز أورنيس . في هذا الطراز، تنتهي النصوص برؤوس ثعابين أو وحوش مصورة بشكل جانبي.

هذا الحجر الروني نقشٌ قديمٌ محفورٌ على طراز الأحجار الرونية RAK، ويعلوه صليبٌ فوق أشرطة النص. يقع في أوبي، وقد أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى أبٍ شارك في حملات الفايكنج غرباً وشرقاً. ^{[ 6 ]}

يقع هذا الحجر الروني المنحوت على طراز Pr1 في تيبيل. ويبدو أنه أُقيم تخليداً لذكرى رجل توفي ضمن حاشية زعيم الفايكنج فريجير . يُعرف طراز Pr1 أيضاً باسم طراز رينجيريك ، ويُستخدم هذا التصنيف للنقوش التي تُصوّر رؤوس الثعابين متصلة بأشرطة النصوص الرونية من الجانب، ولكن الثعابين أو الوحوش ليست طويلة ومنمقة كما في طراز أورنيس.

عُثر على هذا الحجر الروني في كولستا (تُكتب أيضًا كالستا). في القرن السابع عشر، اكتشفه أحد مساعدي يوهانس بوروس ، وكان جزءًا من جدار قصر . ^{[ 9 ]} بعد أن فُقد لمدة مئة عام، أُعيد اكتشافه في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. ^{[ 9 ]}

يُعدّ هذا الحجر ذا أهمية بالغة لأنه نُصب تخليدًا لذكرى أحد أعضاء الحرس الشخصي لملوك الدنماركيين والإنجليز، المعروف باسم " ثينغاليد" ، والذي كان يتألف من نخبة من المحاربين الذين قدم معظمهم من الدول الإسكندنافية. ^{[ 9 ]} وقد وُجدت هذه الوحدة النخبوية بين عامي 1016 و1066. ^{[ 10 ]} كما يوجد حجر رون آخر نُصب تخليدًا لذكرى رجل توفي في نفس الحاشية في سودرمانلاند ، وهو حجر رون رابي . ^{[ 11 ]}

نُقش حجر كولستا الروني على طراز Pr3، ولا يعود تاريخه إلى ما قبل منتصف القرن الحادي عشر كما يتضح من استخدام الأحرف الرونية المنقطة واستخدام حرف ansuz الروني لصوت o. ^{[ 10 ]}

عُثر على هذا الحجر الروني في كنيسة غاسينغه. نُقش على طراز Fp، وهو تصنيفٌ للأحجار الرونية التي تحمل نصوصًا مُلصقة عليها رؤوس ثعابين أو وحوش، مُصوَّرة من الأعلى. أقامته امرأتان تخليدًا لذكرى زوجهما ووالدهما، الذي شارك في رحلة استكشافية غربًا، ربما برفقة كانوت الكبير .

وُثِّق وجود هذا الحجر الروني خلال المسوحات السويدية للأحجار الرونية في القرن السابع عشر في فالستاد. عُثر لاحقًا على جزء منه في جدار سقيفة في فناء، وجزء آخر أسفل منزل ريفي. دُمِّر الفناء، إلى جانب عدة منازل مجاورة، عام ١٨٨٠. ويُعتقد الآن أن الحجر مفقود. يُصنَّف الحجر على أنه ربما من طراز الأحجار الرونية RAK، وقد نُصب تخليدًا لذكرى ابن توفي في الغرب.

تم العثور على هذا الحجر الروني في هاسلو، هاسل اليوم، وهو منحوت على طراز الحجر الروني Pr1. وقد أقيم تخليداً لذكرى ابن توفي على الطريق الغربي.

حجر كيولا الروني هو حجر روني شهير منحوت على طراز Pr1. يقع في كيولا على الطريق القديم بين إسكيلستونا وسترانغناس ، والذي كان أيضًا موقعًا للتجمع المحلي . ^{[ 16 ]}

يروي هذا النص قصة رجل يُدعى سبجوت (الرمح)، شارك في حروب واسعة النطاق في غرب أوروبا. ويُعتقد أنه نُشِر في كنف نفس العائلة الأرستقراطية التي نُشِرت في نقش رامسوند القريب وحجر برو الروني في أوبلاند . وقد تناول العديد من المؤرخين الإسكندنافيين ، مثل سوفوس بوغه وإريك برات وإلياس فيسن ، هذا الحجر الروني ومدى اتساع نطاق الحروب التي خاضها سبجوت. سبجوت، الذي يعني "الرمح"، اسم فريد، وربما يكون لقبًا اكتسبه كمحارب.

يستخدم النص مصطلح vestarla بمعنى "في الغرب" دون تحديد موقع. وتستخدم أربعة أحجار رونية أخرى من الفايكنج هذا المصطلح بشكل مماثل، وهي Sö 137 وSö 164 وSö 173 وSm 51. ^{[ 17 ]}

هذا أحد الأحجار الرونية في أسبا، ويُصنف على أنه منحوت على طراز راك. نُقش عليه كلٌ من الرونية ذات الفروع الطويلة والرونية بدون أعمدة . في الصف الأخير، كُتبت جميع الكلمات باستثناء الأخيرة بالرونية بدون أعمدة.

يُصنّف هذا الحجر الروني مبدئيًا ضمن نمط أحجار الرون RAK، ويقع في أوستربيرغا. ويحتوي على رونيات طويلة الفروع ورونيات بدون أعمدة . وقد أُقيم تخليدًا لذكرى أبٍ قضى فترة طويلة في الغرب.

This runestone is found at Spånga and it sports not only long-branch runes, but also cipher runes made of both short-twig runes and staveless runes. The ornamentation is a ship where the mast is an artful cross. It is the only runestone with both text and iconography that refer to a ship.^[21] It was raised in memory of a man who took part in an expedition to the west where he was buried, and refers to him heroically in alliterative verse or prose.^[21] This runestone is attributed to a runemaster named Traen.^[22]

In the village of Tystberga there are three raised stones.^[23] Two of them are runestones called Sö 173 and Sö 374, of which the last one has a cross.^[23] Both inscriptions are from the 11th century and tell of the same family.^[23] They probably refer to Viking expeditions both westwards and eastwards.^[23] Sö 173 is one of only two (the other one is U 802) known runestones whose ornamentation contain runic animal heads in both bird perspective (Fp) and profile perspective (Pr).^[24]

The location was first described by Lukas Gabb during the nationwide revision of pre-historic monuments that took place in the 17th century.^[23] In a paddock at the state owned homestead of Tystberga there was a flat stone lying with runes and next to it there was another flat stone that was leaning.^[23] In addition, there was a large square stone surrounded with rows of smaller stones, which Gadd described as a "fairly large cemetery".^[23] Not far from the stones, there were also two giant passage graves, about 20 paces long.^[23]

There is a depiction of the cross-less stone from the 17th century, made by Johan Hadorph and Johan Peringskiöld.^[23] This depiction has helped scholars reconstruct the parts that are damaged today.^[23] The runestone was raised anew by Richard Dybeck in 1864.^[23] In 1936, Ivar Schnell examined the stone, and he noted that there was a large stone next to it.^[23] When this stone was raised, they discovered that it was also a runestone, and it was probably the one that had been previously described by Lukas Gadd as the "square stone".^[23] In the vicinity, Schnell found a destroyed stone without runes which probably was the leaning stone described by Gadd.^[23] Since they would hinder agriculture, the three stones were re-erected at a distance of 60 metres, at the side of the road.^[23] The stone circle and the other monuments described by Gadd could not be found anymore.^[23]

Regarding the names of the sponsors of the stone, the runes mani can be interpreted in two ways, since runic texts never repeat two runes consecutively.^[23] One possibility is that it refers to Máni, the moon, and the other alternative is the male name Manni which is derived from maðr ("man").^[23] The runes mus:kia are more challenging and the older interpretation that it was Mus-Gea is nowadays rejected.^[23] It is probably a nominalization of myskia which means "darken" as during sunset, and one scholar has suggested that it could mean "sunset" and "twilight" and refer to e.g. a hair colour.^[23] A second theory is that the name refers to the animal bat.^[23] It is also disputed whether it is a man's name or a woman's name, but most scholars think that it refers to a woman.^[23] The name Myskia appears in a second runic inscription, Sö 13 from Gatstugan, and it may refer to the same person.^[23] The inscription echos the m-runes () from the sponsors' names in the shape of the tongues of the two serpents.^[25]

The last part of the cross-less inscription is both unusual and partly problematic.^[23] The word ystarla could without context be interpreted as both "westwards" and "eastwards", but since an austarla appears later in the inscription, it is agreed that ystarla means "westwards".^[23] It is unusual, but not unique, that the y-rune () represents the v phoneme.^[23] An additional reason for this interpretation is the fact that it would allow the last part of the inscription to be interpreted as a poem in the meter fornyrðislag.^[23] This would explain the use of the rune since vestarla permits alliteration with um vaʀit.^[23] It is not known whether he refers to Hróðgeirr (Roger) or Holmsteinn, but most think that it is Holmsteinn who had been westwards.^[23] The plural ending -u in the verb form dou shows that both Hróðgeirr and Holmsteinn died in the Ingvar expedition.^[23]

This runestone in runestone style Fp is located in Sorunda. It is raised in memory of a father who died in a war expedition led by a commander named Guðvé. Erik Brate argues that it was the same expedition as the one mentioned on the Grinda Runestone and where the targets are reported to have been England and Saxony.^[27]

This runestone is located in Södra Beteby, and it may be one of the Hakon Jarl Runestones. It is not only the stone that has been found on the farm, but also a hoard of several hundred English coins.^[29] More Anglo-Saxon pennies of this period have been found in Sweden than in England due to the Danegelds.^[29]

Omeljan Pritsak argues that this Hakon is the same as the one who is mentioned on the Bro Runestone and whose son Ulf was in the west, i.e. in England.^[30] This Swedish Hakon Jarl would then actually be the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson.^[30]

This runestone was found in Sannerby, but was moved to the park of the manor house Stäringe, where it is now raised beside the runestone Sö 320. It is carved in runestone style RAK.

This runestone was found at the church of Ekeby, and it was moved into the church porch in 1961. It is carved in runestone style RAK. It mentions the death of a man named Kyela who died while participating in an expedition westwards under a chieftain named Væringr. Erik Brate considers this Væringr to be the one who is mentioned on runestone Ög 111, below.^[33]

Ög 83 is one of the runestones of Högby and it is tentatively categorized as being in runestone style Pr1-Pr2. In this style the serpent or beast heads at the ends of the text bands are depicted in profile, but the serpents or beasts are not as elongated and stylized as in the Urnes style. It was made in memory of a son who died in the West.

This inscription in runestone style Fp is located in the wall of the church of Landeryd. It was raised by a man named Væringr in memory of a brother who had served under Canute the Great. Erik Brate considers this Væringr to be same man as the one who is mentioned on runestone Ög 68, above.^[33] The cross is in Ringerike style.^[36]

This runestone from the first half of the 11th century was discovered in June 1969 in the cemetery wall some 40 metres from the gate of the church of Kullerstad.^[38] The engraved side had been facing inwards. The stone was raised next to the entrance to the church. It is in light red granite and it is 1.84 m tall (1.55 m above the soil) and 84 cm wide. The length of the runes is between 12 and 15 cm. It was raised by Hákon in memory of his son Gunnarr and both men are also known from the runestone Ög 162 at Gunnar's bridge located about one-half km north of the church. The inscription on Ög 162 relates that Hákon named the bridge in memory of his son Gunnarr. The runestone which was discovered at the church was probably the main memorial, but it reports that at least two memorials had been raised in Gunnarr's memory. It is consequently likely that both runestones formed a twinned memorial at Gunnar's bridge, and they were probably made by the same runemaster.^[38]

This runestone is raised at Härlingstorp. It is carved in runestone style RAK and was raised in memory of a man who died on the western route. Only two other runestones, Viking runestones DR 330 and 334, use the phrase i vikingu, literally "in Viking," and here with the combination of "on the western route" probably indicates that he died during the wars in England.^[40]

This runestone is found on the cemetery of the church of Dalum. It was raised in memory of two brothers of which one died in the east and the other one died in the west.

This runestone is found at Växjö Cathedral near its western wall. Colloquially known as "the stone of Toki the viking" (Toke Vikings sten), it is raised by a man who entitled himself "the Viking" and is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr2, which is also known as Ringerike style. It was discovered in 1813 under plaster in the wall of the cathedral. The inscription starts at the head of the serpent, and the inscription is carved in the circular band that follows the sides of the stone until it reaches the x. The prayer is read from bottom-up in the right hand rectangle. The runes tyki are found above the serpent's head in the central rectangle, whereas the runes uikikr are found in the left-hand rectangle. The epithet Viking indicates that Tóki had taken part in Viking expeditions and it was probably used to distinguish him from other men named Tóki in the region.^[43]

This runestone in style RAK is located in Tuna. It was raised in memory of Özurr who was in the service of a king named Harald, who was probably the English king Harold Harefoot.^[45][46] Serving as a skipari or "seaman" on the king's longship was a great honour and Özurr was consequently part of the king's retinue,^[45] the þingalið. Other runestones unsing the title skipari include DR 82 in Sønder Vinge, DR 218 in Tågerup, DR 275 in Solberga, DR 363 in Sturkö, DR 379 in Ny Larsker, Sö 171 in Esta, and Sö 335 in Ärja.^[47] On this runestone, the runemaster used a bind rune to combine the s-rune and k-rune in skipari.^[48] According to a local tradition, "ancient coins" were once found near the stone, and these coins were possibly Özur's payment from his service in England.^[45]

This runestone is located near the old exterior wall of the cemetery of the church of Forsheda. It was discovered in 1866 during the rebuilding of the church. It is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK and was raised in memory of a man who died vestarla or westwards.

This runestone is located at Hablingbo Church. The stone was discovered in 1988 while conducting excavation for a grave at the church cemetery, and was then moved to the church tower.^[51] It is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3 and was raised in memory of a man who died when travelling in the west with vikingum or the Vikings. The inscription is considered to be an early use of the plural form of the word Vikings in Sweden, although it is also used on U 617 at Bro and on the Viking runestone DR 216 from Denmark.^[51]

This runestone, classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, was documented during the survey of runestones in the 17th century by Ole Worm as being located at Uppåkra, but it was later moved about 200 meters during the 19th century to Stenshöggård.

This 11th century runestone was discovered at the church at Gårdstånga in 1867 (together with DR 331), but it is now located at "runestone hill" in Lund. It is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK. Although the runic text has been damaged, it describes the relationship between the men using the word felaga or "partner," which is related to félag, a mercantile partnership or financial joint venture.

This runestone is carved in runestone style RAK and is part of the Västra Strö monument, which has five standing stones and two runestones, DR 334 and DR 335. The monument was in good shape when documented by Ole Worm in 1643, but a survey in 1876 found that all of the stones had fallen except one. The monument was restored in 1932 by the Lund Kulturen. The inscription on DR 334 is considered to have been carved by the same runemaster who did DR 335, which memorializes a deceased ship owner. Both memorial runestones were also sponsored by the same man, Faðir, who on DR 334 memorializes his deceased brother Ôzurr, who died i wikingu or on a Viking raid or expedition.^[55] It has been suggested that all three men may have participated on this raid or expedition.^[55]

The stone is known locally as the Västra Ströstenen 1.