Thomas Tryon

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Thomas Tryon (6 September 1634 – 21 August 1703) was an English merchant and writer. He wrote on diet, temperance, health, education, slavery and the treatment of animals, and is associated with the early history of vegetarianism, animal rights and abolitionism.

Life

Tryon was born in 1634 in Bibury, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. He worked as a wool-spinner as a child and received no formal education.[1][2] As a teenager, he worked as a shepherd until the age of eighteen, learning to read and write in his spare time.[3] In 1652 he moved to London without telling his parents and was apprenticed to a hatter in the Bridewell area.[3][4]

Tryon became an Anabaptist in 1654 under the influence of his master.[3] He was attracted to the congregation's asceticism, but later developed an independent religious outlook after reading Jakob Böhme. In 1657 he said that he heard an inner voice, which he called the "Voice of Wisdom", urging him to become a vegetarian and follow a frugal diet.[5] He married in 1661, but did not persuade his wife to adopt his diet.[6]

Tryon travelled to Barbados hoping to succeed in the hat trade and benefit from greater religious tolerance, but was disturbed by the treatment of enslaved people on the plantations.[7] In 1669 he returned to London and settled in Hackney.[8] In 1682 he said that the same inner voice instructed him to write and publish books promoting temperance and nonviolence.[9]

During the last two decades of his life, Tryon published 27 works on subjects including education, diet, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, health, and the treatment of enslaved people.[10] He continued in the hat trade and became wealthy. Some of his books sold well.[11] He died in Hackney on 21 August 1703. His memoirs, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Thomas Tryon, Late of London, Merchant, were published posthumously in 1705.[12]

Writings and influence

First edition title page of The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness (1683)

Tryon's best-known book was The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness, published in 1691 as a second edition of Health's Grand Preservative; or, The Women's Best Doctor (1682). It influenced Benjamin Franklin, who wrote that he adopted a vegetarian diet after reading Tryon's work.[13][14][15] Tryon's writings were also read by Aphra Behn, whose poem "On the Author of that Excellent Book Intitled The way to HEALTH, LONG LIFE, and HAPPINESS" appeared in the 1697 edition of The Way to Health, and by Percy Bysshe Shelley.[16]

Ideas

Tryon's religious and philosophical views were influenced by ancient Pythagoreanism, Hinduism and the writings of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.[17] He described himself as a Christian and attempted to reconcile biblical, Pythagorean and Hindu teachings. He argued that there had been one original religion of humanity, followed by Moses, Pythagoras and the Indian Brahmins, but later corrupted by most Christians.[18]

Tryon treated pacifism, nonviolence towards animals, benevolence to all species and abstention from meat as parts of spiritual discipline and as conditions for the restoration of Paradise.[19] He wrote in defence of animals and against cruelty to them.[20] He also wrote that human beings were a miniature image of the universe, or microcosm, and expressed concern about polluted rivers and deforestation.[21] Tryon did not believe in reincarnation, but held that the souls of sinners could take the forms of vicious beasts in an afterlife.[22]

Tryon has been discussed in histories of animal rights. Several writers have described him as the first known author to use the word "rights" in relation to animals, in The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness.[23][24][25] In that book, he wrote that humans tried to become "an absolute Monarch or arbitrary Tyrant", invading and destroying "all the Rights and Priviledges of the inferiour Creatures".[26][27]

Publications

See also

References

  1. ↑Stuart, Tristram (2006). The Bloodless Revolution: Radical Vegetarianism and the Discovery of India. London: HarperCollins. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-00-712892-1.
  2. ↑Spencer, Colin (1993). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. London: Fourth Estate. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-85702-078-6.
  3. 123Stuart, pp. 60–61; Spencer, p. 206.
  4. ↑Cockayne, Emily (2021). Hubbub: Filth, Noise and Stench in England. Yale. p. 210.
  5. ↑Stuart, p. 61.
  6. ↑Spencer, p. 206.
  7. ↑Stuart, pp. 60–62.
  8. ↑Aitken, George Atherton (1889). "Marriage with Mary Scurlock". The Life of Richard Steele. Edinburgh and London: Ballantyne Press. pp. 204–205. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  9. ↑Stuart, p. 62.
  10. ↑Stuart, pp. 62–63, 509–511.
  11. ↑Stuart, pp. 62–64.
  12. ↑Smith, Virginia (23 September 2004). "Tryon, Thomas (1634–1703), vegetarian and author". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27783. Retrieved 21 March 2021.(Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  13. ↑Spencer, pp. 207, 232.
  14. ↑Franklin, Benjamin (25 August 2022). His Autobiography.
  15. ↑Kaiser, Larry. "What Benjamin Franklin Really Said About Vegetarianism". Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  16. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 63-64.
  17. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 64-77.
  18. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 65-66، 77.
  19. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 65-67.
  20. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 71-72.
  21. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 72-75.
  22. ↑ ستيوارت، الصفحات 76-77.
  23. ↑ شيري، كليفورد ج. (1994). حقوق الحيوان: دليل مرجعي . ABC-CLIO . ص 62. ISBN  978-0-87436-733-1.
  24. ↑ لينزي، أندرو (1995). علم اللاهوت الحيواني . مطبعة جامعة إلينوي. ص 20. ISBN  978-0-252-06467-8.
  25. ↑ بيركنز، ديفيد (2003). الرومانسية وحقوق الحيوان . مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج . ص 41. ISBN  0-521-82941-0.
  26. ↑ ترايون، توماس (1683). الطريق إلى الصحة، طول العمر والسعادة . ص 515.
  27. ↑ ماجل، تشارلز ر. (1989). دليل رئيسي لمصادر المعلومات في حقوق الحيوان . ماكفارلاند. ص 9. ISBN  0-89950-405-1.

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