الأحجار الرونية اليونانية

ربما نُصب الحجر الروني U 73 ( الموقع ) لتوضيح ترتيب الميراث لرجلين توفيا وهما من الفارانجيين. ^{[ 30 ]} وهو مصمم على طراز Pr3 ^{[ 31 ]} الذي يُعد جزءًا من طراز أورنيس الأكثر شيوعًا . يبلغ ارتفاع الحجر، المصنوع من الجرانيت الرمادي، مترين (6 أقدام و7 بوصات) وعرضه 1.2 متر (3 أقدام و11 بوصة) ، ^{[ 32 ]} وهو مُقام على منحدر يبعد حوالي 100 متر (330 قدمًا) شمال مزرعة هاجرستالوند، التي كانت تُعرف سابقًا باسم هانستا(لوند). اكتشف الحجر يوهان بيرينغسكيولد خلال البحث الوطني عن الآثار التاريخية في أواخر القرن السابع عشر. يحمل الحجر نفس الرسالة التي يحملها الحجر U 72، والذي كان يشكل معه نصبًا تذكاريًا في السابق، ^{[ 32 ]} ولكن نُقل الحجر U 72 إلى سكانسن عام 1896. ^{[ 33 ]} ويشير الحجر الأخير إلى أن جيرذار ويوروندر أقاما "هذين الحجرين" تخليدًا لذكرى إرنموندر وإنجيموندر. وبناءً على ذلك، فإن عبارة "أبناء إنجا" و"ماتوا في اليونان" الواردة في الحجر U 73 تشير إلى إرنموندر وإنجيموندر. ^{[ 32 ]} كان إرنموندر وإنجيموندر قد ورثا عن والدهما، لكنهما رحلا إلى الإمبراطورية البيزنطية وتوفيا هناك كفارانجيين. ولأنهما لم يرزقا بأطفال، ورثت والدتهما إنجا ممتلكاتهما، وعندما توفيت، ورثها شقيقاها جيرذار ويوروندر. ثم أقام الشقيقان النصبين التذكاريين تكريمًا لابني أخيهما، وهو ما يُعزى على الأرجح إلى تميز ابني أخيهما في الجنوب. مع ذلك، ربما كان ذلك أيضًا تعبيرًا عن الامتنان للثروة التي جمعها أبناء الأخ في الخارج. وفي الوقت نفسه، مثّل النصب التذكاري توثيقًا لكيفية انتقال الملكية من عشيرة إلى أخرى. ^{[ 32 ] [ 34 ]} من جهة أخرى، يقترح سوير (2000) أنه نظرًا لعدم ذكر النقشين لمن أمر بنقشهما، فإن المطالب الوحيد بالثروة، والذي أمر بصنع الأحجار، ربما كان الكنيسة. ^{[ 35 ]} وقد تم تحديد هوية كاتب الرون باسم فيساتي . ^{[ 31 ]}        

يقع الحجر الروني U 104 ( موقعه الأصلي ) في حجر رملي أحمر، ويبلغ ارتفاعه 1.35 مترًا (4 أقدام و5 بوصات) وعرضه 1.15 مترًا (3 أقدام و9 بوصات) . ^{[ 36 ]} وقد وُثِّق لأول مرة من قِبَل يوهانس بوريوس عام 1594. ^{[ 36 ]} تم التبرع به كواحد من حجرين (الآخر هو U 1160 ^{[ 28 ]} ) إلى متحف أشموليان في أكسفورد عام 1687 بناءً على طلب الملك جيمس الثاني ملك إنجلترا من الملك تشارلز الحادي عشر ملك السويد ، الذي طلب حجرين رونيين لإضافتهما إلى مجموعة جامعة أكسفورد . ^{[ 37 ]} وهو مصمم على طراز أورنيس (Pr5) . أقامه ثورستين تخليدًا لذكرى والده سفين وشقيقه ثورير، اللذين هاجرا إلى اليونان، وأخيرًا تخليدًا لذكرى والدته. يحمل الحجر توقيع خبير الرون أوبير، الذي تتميز لغته النوردية القديمة باستخدامها غير المألوف لرونية هاغلاز (ᚼ)، كما في كلمة hut التي تعني "خارج" في اللغة النوردية القديمة . ^{[ 38 ]} يُعدّ الاستخدام غير المنتظم لصوت الهاء سمة لهجية باقية، ولا تزال سمة مميزة للهجة السويدية الحديثة في روسلاجن ، إحدى المناطق التي نشط فيها أوبير. ^{[ 38 ]}      

حجر الرون U 112 ( موقع مؤرشف في 13 مارس 2009 على موقع Wayback Machine )، وهو صخرة كبيرة يبلغ محيطها 18 مترًا (59 قدمًا) ، تقع بجوار ممر مشجر يُسمى Kyrkstigen ("ممر الكنيسة") في إد. ^{[ 28 ] [ 40 ]} وقد عُرف هذا الحجر للباحثين منذ أول رحلة استكشافية لعلم الرون قام بها يوهانس بوروس عام 1594، ويعود تاريخه إلى منتصف القرن الحادي عشر. ^{[ 40 ] [ 41 ]}  

يحمل الصخر نقوشًا رونية على جانبين منه، يُشار إليهما بالرمزين U 112 A وB. ^{[ 28 ]} تكمن الأهمية اللغوية لهذه النقوش في استخدام رونية هاغلاز (ᚼ) للدلالة على الصوت الحنكي التقريبي /ɣ/ (كما في كلمة Ragnvaldr )، وهو أمرٌ شاع استخدامه بعد نهاية عصر الفايكنج. يتضمن النقش أيضًا بعض الرونية المنقطة ، وتُستخدم رونية أنسوز ( ᚬ ) للدلالة على الصوت /o/ . ^{[ 42 ]}

النقوش على طراز أورنيس (Pr4) ، ^{[ 28 ]} وقد كُلِّف بنقشها قائد سابق في الحرس الفارانجي يُدعى راغنڤالدر، تخليدًا لذكرى والدته وتكريمًا لنفسه. ^{[ 28 ] [ 40 ]} قلّما كان يُتاح لأحدٍ أن يتباهى بالعودة إلى دياره بشرف قيادة الحرس الفارانجي. علاوة على ذلك، يُشير اسم راغنڤالدر إلى انتمائه إلى الطبقات العليا في المجتمع النورسي القديم، وإلى احتمال كونه قريبًا من السلالة الحاكمة . ^{[ 43 ]}

ذُكر جد راغنڤالد لأمه، أونيمر، على حجرين رونيين إضافيين في أوبلاند ، هما U 328 و U 336. [ ^{44 ] يشير} الحجر الروني U 328 إلى أن راغنڤالد كان لديه عمتان، هما غيريدر وغودلوغ. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يضيف الحجر الروني U 336 أن أولف من بورستا ، الذي حصل على ثلاث هبات دانجيلد في إنجلترا، كان ابن أخ أونيمر من جهة الأب، وبالتالي ابن عم راغنڤالد. ^{[ 44 ]} من المحتمل أنه كان هو نفسه راغنڤالد الذي ورد ذكر وفاته في نقوش هارغس برو الرونية ، مما يربطه أيضًا بإستريد وعشيرة جارلابانك الثرية . ^{[ 45 ]}

يقع حجر الرون U 136 ( الموقع ) على طراز Pr2 (رينجيريك) ، ^{[ 47 ]} وكان يشكل في السابق نصبًا تذكاريًا مع U 135. وهو حجر رمادي داكن يبلغ ارتفاعه 1.73 مترًا (5 أقدام و8 بوصات) وعرضه 0.85 مترًا ( قدمان و9 بوصات) . ^{[ 48 ]} في عام 1857، لاحظ ريتشارد دايبك أنه تم اكتشافه في التربة قبل خمس سنوات. كان جزء صغير منه ظاهرًا فوق سطح الأرض، وعندما كان مالك الأرض يحرثها واكتشفه، أمر برفعه مرة أخرى في نفس المكان. وقد اقتلع مالك الأرض بعض أجزائه عن طريق الخطأ، وفُقدت الأجزاء العلوية من بعض الأحرف الرونية. ^{[ 49 ]}      

أُقيم الحجر في الأصل على يد سيدة ثرية تُدعى أستريدر تخليدًا لذكرى زوجها إيستين، ويشير سوير (2000) إلى أنه كان أحد الأحجار العديدة التي نُصبت في صراع على الميراث. ^{[ 50 ]} يكتنف الغموض سبب ذهاب إيستين إلى اليونان والقدس ، نظرًا لتفسير كلمة sœkja (الموثقة بصيغة sotti في الماضي). فهي تعني "البحث"، ولكنها قد تعني "الهجوم" كما هو الحال في الحجرين Sö 166 و N 184 ، أو "الزيارة" أو "السفر". ^{[ 51 ]} وبناءً على ذلك، يُعتقد أن إيستين كان من أوائل السويديين الذين قاموا برحلة حج إلى القدس، ^{[ 52 ]} لكن ييش (2001) يُشير إلى أنه بالنظر إلى الأمثلة الرونية الأخرى، فإن معنى "الهجوم" هو الأرجح. ^{[ 51 ]} اختار مشروع Rundata ترجمة كلمة sœkja بمعنى "هجوم" (انظر أدناه). وهي إحدى حجرين من أحجار Jarlabanke Runestones يذكران المسافرين إلى الخارج، والآخر هو U140، المذكور أدناه .

يقع حجر الرون U 140 في بروبي ( الموقع )، بالقرب من أحجار رون بروبي برو و U 150. قطعة الجرانيت مصممة على طراز رينجريك (Pr 2). ^{[ 53 ]} اكتشفها ريتشارد دايبك بين أساسات مبنى صغير. بحث دايبك دون جدوى عن الأجزاء المتبقية. في البداية، نُقلت القطعة إلى منحدر بالقرب من الطريق بين هاغبي وكنيسة تابي، ولكن في عام 1930، نُقلت إلى جانب الطريق. وهو أحد أحجار رون جارلابانك ، ويذكر رجلاً سافر إلى الخارج ^{[ 54 ]} (قارن U 136، أعلاه ).

يقع حجر الرون U 201 ( الموقع ) ضمن النوع Pr1 (Ringerike) ، وقد صنعه نفس صانع الرون الذي صنع الحجر U 276. [ ^{55 ] يُثبّت} حجر الجرانيت المحمر في جدار كنيسة أنجارن على ارتفاع 0.74 متر تقريبًا ( قدمان و5 بوصات) فوق سطح الأرض، ويبلغ ارتفاعه 1.17 متر (3 أقدام و10 بوصات) وعرضه 1.16 متر (3 أقدام و10 بوصات) . ^{[ 56 ]} ذكر يوهانس بوريوس (1568-1652) هذا الحجر، ولكن لأسباب غير معروفة، تم تجاهله خلال البحث الوطني عن المعالم التاريخية في الفترة 1667-1684. ^{[ 56 ]} اثنان من الرجال المذكورين على الحجر يحملان أسماءً غير معروفة؛ وقد تم إعادة بنائها على أنها Gautdjarfr و Sunnhvatr استنادًا إلى عناصر معروفة من أسماء نوردية أخرى. ^{[ 57 ]}         

عُثر على الحجر الروني U 270 في سميدبي ( الموقع ) بالقرب من فالنتونا، ورسمه يوهان هادورف ومساعده، لصالح يوهان بيرينغسكيولد ، خلال البحث الوطني عن الآثار التاريخية في الفترة 1667-1684. أشار ريتشارد دايبك في عام 1867 إلى أنه رأى الحجر الروني سليمًا قبل ثلاث سنوات، ولكنه استُخدم في بناء قبو عام 1866. رفع دايبك دعوى قضائية ضد المزارع المُدان، وأكملت الأكاديمية الملكية السويدية للآداب والتاريخ والآثار إجراءات التقاضي . تُظهر وثائق القضية أن الحجر كان قائمًا في المزرعة، وأنه فُجّر ثلاث مرات إلى قطع صغيرة استُخدمت في بناء القبو. واعتُبرت إعادة بناء الحجر الروني مستحيلة. كان ارتفاع الحجر 2.5 متر (8 أقدام وبوصتين) وعرضه 1.2 متر (3 أقدام و11 بوصة) ، ^{[ 58 ]} وقد أقيم تخليداً لذكرى أب يبدو أنه سافر إلى اليونان. ^{[ 59 ]}      

ذُكر حجر الرون U 358 ( الموقع ) المصمم على طراز RAK ^{[ 61 ]} لأول مرة من قِبل ريتشارد دايبك الذي اكتشفه في أساسات برج جرس كنيسة سكيبتونا . لم يسمح له أبناء الرعية بكشف النقش بالكامل، وقاموا لاحقًا بإخفاء الحجر تحت طبقة سميكة من التربة. لم يُنقل الحجر من برج الجرس إلا في عام 1942، حيث أُعيد رفعه على بُعد خطوات قليلة. الحجر مصنوع من الجرانيت الرمادي الفاتح، ويبلغ ارتفاعه 2.05 متر (6 أقدام و9 بوصات) فوق سطح الأرض، وعرضه 0.78 متر ( قدمان و7 بوصات) ^{[ 62 ]} . كان اسم صانع حجر الرون فولكمار ، وهو اسم غير معروف في الدول الإسكندنافية خلال عصر الفايكنج، على الرغم من أنه من المعروف أنه كان موجودًا بعد نهاية عصر الفايكنج. مع ذلك، كان الاسم شائعًا في اللغات الجرمانية الغربية ، وخاصة بين الفرنجة ^{[ 62 ]} .      

كان الحجر الروني U 374 حجرًا رونيًا موجودًا في أوربي ( الموقع ). في عام 1673، وخلال البحث الوطني عن المعالم التاريخية، أفاد أبراهام وينج بوجود حجرين رونيين في أوربي. في عام 1684، ذهب بيرينغسكيولد إلى أوربي لتوثيق الحجرين ورسمهما، لكنه لم يجد سوى حجر واحد قائم ( U 373 ). وبدلًا من ذلك، اكتشف الحجر الثاني، أو الثالث، U 374، كجزء سفلي من موقد نار. كان استخدام الحجر كموقد نار ضارًا بالنقش ، وآخر مرة كُتب فيها عن رؤيته كانت في عام 1728. وبالتالي، يُعد رسم بيرينغسكيولد التوثيق الوحيد الموجود للنقش. كان ارتفاع الحجر 1.5 متر (4 أقدام و11 بوصة) وعرضه 0.88 متر ( قدمان و11 بوصة) ، ^{[ 63 ]} وينسب إلى صانع الرون أسموند كاريسون . ^{[ 64 ]}      

تم اكتشاف الحجر الروني U 431 ( الموقع ) مثل الحجر U 430، في حقل تابع لنُزُل آشوسبي عندما تم تفجير الأحجار لتجهيز الحقل لزراعة المحاصيل عام 1889. ولأن الحجر كان موضوعًا ووجهه المزخرف متجهًا للأسفل، فقد تم تفجيره، ولم تُكتشف الأحرف الرونية إلا بعد جمع شظاياه. تم ترميم الحجر الروني بالخرسانة ونُقل إلى بهو كنيسة نورسوندا. الحجر مصنوع من صخر النيس الرمادي المزرق ، ويبلغ ارتفاعه 1.95 مترًا (6 أقدام و5 بوصات) وعرضه 0.7 مترًا ( قدمان و4 بوصات) . ^{[ 65 ]} أسطحه ناعمة بشكل غير عادي. ^{[ 65 ]} وهو مصمم على طراز رينجريك (Pr2)، ويُنسب إلى صانع الأحرف الرونية آسموند كاريسون. ^{[ 66 ]} نشأ هذا المكان على يد أب وأم، توفا وهيمينجر، تخليداً لذكرى ابنهما غونار، الذي توفي "بين اليونانيين"، ومن غير المألوف ذكر الأم قبل الأب. ^{[ 67 ]}      

A fragment of the runestone U 446 in Droppsta (location) is only attested from a documentation made during the national search for historic monuments in the 17th century, and during the preparation of the Uppland section of Sveriges runinskrifter (1940–1943) scholars searched unsuccessfully for any remains of the stone. The fragment was what remained of the bottom part of a runestone. It appears to have been in two pieces, each containing one part of the inscription. The fragment appears to have been c. 1.10 m (3 ft 7 in) high and 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) wide^[68] and its Urnes style is attributed to either Pr3 or Pr4.^[69] The runes isifara have been interpreted as æist-fari which means "traveller to Estonia",^[70] which is known from an inscription in Södermanland,^[68] but they are left as undeciphered by the Rundata project.^[69]

Runestone U 518 (location) is in the RAK style^[71] and is raised on the southern side of a piny slope some 700 m (2,300 ft) north-east of the main building of the homestead Västra Ledinge. The stone was made known by Richard Dybeck in several publications in the 1860s, and at the time it had recently been destroyed and was in several pieces, the bottom part still in the ground. In 1942, the stone was mended and raised anew at the original spot. The stone consists of grey and coarse granite.^[72]

The runestone was made in memory of three men. Two of them died in Greece, while a third, Freygeirr, died at a debated location written as i silu × nur. Richard Dybeck suggested that this might either refer to the nearby estate of Skällnora or lake Siljan, and Sophus Bugge identified the location as "Saaremaa north" (Øysilu nor), whereas Erik Brate considered the location to have been Salo in present-day Finland.^[73] The contemporary view, as presented in Rundata, derives from a more recent analysis by Otterbjörk (1961) who consider it to refer to a sound at the island Selaön in Mälaren.^[71]

Runestone U 540 (location) is in the Urnes (Pr4) style and it is attributed to the runemaster Åsmund Kåresson.^[74] It is mounted with iron to the northern wall of the church of Husby-Sjuhundra, but when the stone was first documented by Johannes Bureus in 1638 he noted that it was used as a threshold in the atrium of the church. It was still used as a threshold when Richard Dybeck visited it in 1871, and he arranged for the entire inscription to be made visible in order to make a cast copy.^[75] In 1887, the parishioners decided to extract both U 540 and U 541 from the church and with financial help from the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities the stones were removed and attached outside the northern wall. The stone is of red sandstone and it is 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) high and 1.13 m (3 ft 8 in) wide.^[76] Several parts of the stone and its inscription have been lost, and it is worn down due to its former use as a threshold.^[76]

A theory, proposed by Germanist F. A. Braun (1910), which is based on the runestones U 513, U 540, Sö 179 and Sö 279, holds the grieving Ingvar to be the same person as Ingvar the Far-Travelled, the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old. Braun notes that the stones were raised at a Husby, a royal residence, and the names Eiríkr (Eric) and Hákon were rather rare in Sweden, but known from the royal dynasty. Önundr would be Anund Gårdske, who was raised in Russia, while Eiríkr would be one of the two pretenders named Eric, and Hákon would be Håkan the Red.^[77] These identifications of the three men Eiríkr, Hákon and Ingvarr also appear in the reference work Nordiskt runnamnslexikon (2002), where it adds that Eiríkr is also considered to appear on the Hillersjö stone and runestone U 20. It also identifies Hákon with the one who commissioned the runestones Ög 162 and Ög Fv1970;310.^[78]

Runestone U 792 (location) is in the Fp style and is attributed to the runemaster Balli.^[79] The stone is in grey granite and it measures 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) in height and 1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) in width.^[80] It was originally raised together with a second runestone, with one on each side of the Eriksgata where the road passed a ford,^[38] c. 300 m (980 ft) west of where the farm Ulunda is today.^[81] The Eriksgata was the path that newly elected Swedish kings passed when they toured the country in order to be accepted by the local assemblies.^[38] The stone was first documented by Johannes Bureus in the 17th century, and later in the same century by Johan Peringskiöld, who considered it to be a remarkable stone raised in memory of a petty king, or war chief, in pagan times. When Richard Dybeck visited the stone, in 1863, it was reclining considerably,^[81] and in 1925, the stone was reported to have completely fallen down at the bank of the stream. It was not until 1946 that the Swedish National Heritage Board arranged to have it re-erected.^[80] It was raised in memory of a man (probably Haursi) by his son, Kárr, and his brother-in-law. Haursi had returned from Greece a wealthy man, which left his son heir to a fortune.^[30][82]

Runestone U 922 (location) is in the Pr4 (Urnes) style^[83] and it measures 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) in height and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in width.^[84] It is hidden inside the floor in Uppsala Cathedral, next to the tomb of king Gustav Vasa of Sweden. Its existence was first documented by Johannes Bureus in 1594, and in 1666, Johannes Schefferus commented on the stone as one of many runestones that had been perceived as heathen and which had therefore been used as construction material for the cathedral. Schefferus considered U 922 to be the most notable of these stones and regretted that it could not be read entirely, as parts were under the pillar.^[85] In 1675, Olof Verelius discovered that it had been made in memory of a traveller to Greece,^[86] but still the French traveller Aubrey de la Motraye wrote home, in 1712, that he had been informed that it had been made in memory of a traveller to Jerusalem.^[87] The last scholar to report that the inscription was visible was Olof Celsius in 1729, and it appears that it was soon covered by a new layer of floor. In 1950, professor Elias Wessén and the county custodian of antiquities requested that it be removed for better analysis together with three other runestones, but the Royal Board of Construction (KBS) rejected the request because of safety concerns.^[88]

Ígulbjörn also appears on a second runestone in Uppsala Cathedral, U 925, made by Ígulbjörn in memory of his son Gagʀ who died "in the South", with "South" likely referring to the Byzantine Empire.^[89][90]

Runestone U 956 (location) was carved by the runemasterÅsmund Kåresson in runestone style Pr3 or Urnes style.^[91] It is one of two surviving inscriptions that indicate Åsmund's patronym, the other being GS 11 in Järvsta.^[92] This stone is raised at Vedyxa near Uppsala, about 80 m (260 ft) east of the crossroads of the road to Lövsta and the country road between Uppsala and Funbo.^[93] The stone is in grey granite and it has an unusual shape with two flat surfaces and an obtuse angle between them. The inscription is 2.27 m (7 ft 5 in) high, of which the upper part is 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) and the lower part 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in), and the width is 0.95 m (3 ft 1 in).^[94]

U 956 was first documented by Johannes Haquini Rhezelius (d. 1666), and later by Johan Peringskiöld (1710), who commented that the inscription was legible in spite of the stone having been split in two parts. Unlike modern scholars, Peringskiöld connected this stone, like the other Greece runestones, to the Gothic wars in south-eastern Europe from the 3rd century and onwards.^[95]Olof Celsius visited the stone three times, and the last time was in 1726 together with his nephew Anders Celsius. Olof Celsius noted that Peringskiöld had been wrong and that the stone was intact, although it gives an impression of being split in two,^[96] and the same observation was made by Richard Dybeck in 1866.^[93]

Runestone U 1016 (location) is in light grey and coarse granite, and it is 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) high and 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) wide.^[97] The stone stands in a wooded field 5 m (16 ft) west of the road to the village Fjuckby, 50 m (160 ft) of the crossroads, and about 100 m (330 ft) south-south-east of the farm Fjuckby.^[97] The first scholar to comment on the stone was Johannes Bureus, who visited the stone on 19 June 1638. Several other scholars visited the stone during the following centuries, such as Rhezelius in 1667, Peringskiöld in 1694, and Olof Celsius in 1726 and in 1738. In 1864, Richard Dybeck noted that the runestone was one of several in the vicinity that had been raised anew during the summer.^[97]

Parts of the ornamentation have been lost due to flaking, which probably happened during the 17th century, but the inscription is intact.^[97] The art on the runestone has tentatively been classified under style Pr2,^[98] but Wessén & Jansson (1953–1958) comment that the ornamentation is considered unusual and it is different from that on most other runestones in the district. Other stones in the same style are the Vang stone and the Alstad stone in Norway, and Sö 280 and U 1146 in Sweden. The style was better suited for wood and metal and it is likely that only few runemasters ever tried to apply it on stone.^[99]

Similar the inscription on U 1011, this runic inscription uses the term stýrimaðr as a title that is translated as "captain".^[100] Other runestones use this term apparently to describe working as a steersman on a ship.^[100] There have been several different interpretations of parts of the inscription,^[101] but the following two interpretations appear in Rundata (2008):^[98]

Runestone U 1087 (former location) was an unusually large and imposing runestone^[102] in the Urnes (Pr4) style, but it has disappeared.^[103] Before it was lost, it was studied and described by several scholars including Bureus, Rhezelius, Peringskiöld and lastly by Olof Celsius in 1726.^[104]

Peringskiöld commented that the stone was reclining backwards in a hop-garden at the eastern farm of Lövsta, which was later confirmed by Celius in 1726. Stolpe tried to find it, but noted in 1869 that the landowner knew of the runestone, but that the latter had reported it to be completely covered in soil, and in 1951, a runologist tried to locate the runestone but failed.^[105]

The inscription had an unusual dotted k-rune in girkium ("Greece") which it had in common with U 922, above,^[102] but the only difficulty that has arisen in the interpretation of the runes is the sequence onar. Rhezelius read it as a name, Onarius, which would have belonged to a third son, whereas Verelius, Peringskiöld, Dijkman and Celsius interpreted it as the pronoun annarr meaning "the other" and referring to Ótryggr, an interpretation supported by Wessén and Jansson (1953–1958),^[106] and by Rundata (see below).

The runestone Sö Fv1954;20 (location) was discovered in 1952 approximately 500 m (1,600 ft) west-south-west of Nolinge manor during the plowing of a field, together with an uninscribed stone. It was consequently part of a twin monument and they had been positioned about 2–3 m apart on both sides of a locally important road, where they had marked a ford. Both stones had lost their upper parts and the present height of the runestone is 1.52 m (5 ft 0 in) (of which 1.33 m (4 ft 4 in) is above ground) and it is 0.55 m (1 ft 10 in) wide.^[107] It is classified as being carved in runestone style Fp.^[108]

Runestone Sö 82 (location) is in granite, and it measures 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) in height and it is 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) wide.^[109] It was formerly under a wooden threshold inside Tumbo church, and the upper part was hidden under the wall of the atrium. Most of the inscription and the artwork have been destroyed,^[109] but what remains is classified as either style Fp or Pr1 (Ringerike style).^[110] The inscription partly consists of cipher runes.^[109]

The stone was raised by Vésteinn in memory of his brother Freysteinn who died in Greece, and according to Omeljan Pritsak, Freysteinn was the commander of a retinue.^[89] The wolf-beast image in the center of Sö 82 touches the inscription at the name Freysteinn and has its jaws at the word for "was dead" or "died." Since one known kenning in Old Norse poetry for being killed in battle was that the "wolf was fed," the combination of the text and imagery suggests that Freysteinn had died in battle in Greece.^[111]

Although the memorial stone image includes a Christian cross, the two personal names in the inscription both refer to Norse paganism. Þorsteinn includes as a name element the god Thor and means "Thor's stone,"^[112] while Vésteinn includes the word vé, a temple or sanctuary, and when used in a personal name means "holy," giving the name the meaning "holy stone."^[113]

Runestone Sö 85 (location) is a runestone in style KB^[114] that measures 1.23 m (4 ft 0 in) in height.^[115] The granite stone was discovered at a small brook, but in 1835 the runestone was destroyed. Some pieces were brought to Munkhammar and Mälhammar where they were used for the construction of fireplaces. Seven remaining pieces were brought to Västerby in 1855 in order to be protected by a fence, but when a scholarly enquiry took place in 1897, only four pieces remained. An association of local antiquarians arranged for the four remaining parts to be reassembled at Västerby.^[115]

Runestone Sö 163 (location) is in the style Fp^[116] and it is of grey gneiss^[117] measuring 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in) in height and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in width.^[118] The runestone was first documented during the national search for historic monuments in 1667–84 and Peringskiöld noted that it was near the village of Snesta between Ryckesta and the highway. In 1820, the stone was reported to be severely damaged and mostly hidden in the ground due to its being on the side of a local road. George Stephens reported in 1857 that its former position had been on a barrow at a small path near Ryckesta, but that it had been moved in 1830 to the avenue of the manor Täckhammar and reerected on a wooded slope some 14 paces from the entrance to the highway.^[118]

The man who raised the stone is named with the runes þruʀikr and the name was identified as Þrýríkr by Sophus Bugge who identified the first element of the name as the noun þrýð- that would be derived from a *þrūði- and correspond to Old English þrýðu ("power", "force"). The Old English form is cognate with the Old Icelandic element þrúð- ("force") which appears in several Old Norse words in connection with the Norse god Thor. This analysis was accepted by Brate & Wessén although they noted that the name contains ʀ instead of the expected r,^[117] whereas the Rundata corpus gives the slightly different form Þryðríkr.^[116]

The stone was raised in memory of two sons, one of whom went to Greece where he "divided up gold", an expression that also appears on runestone Sö 165, below. This can either mean that he was responsible for distributing payment to the members of the Varangian Guard or that he took part in the division of loot.^[119] Düwel has suggested that the expression is the eastern route equivalent of gjaldi skifti ("divided payment") which appears in the nearby stone Sö 166 that talks of payments to Vikings in England (see also U 194, U 241 and U 344). If so, the expression could mean that the man who was commemorated had received payment.^[120]

Runestone Sö 165 (location) is tentatively categorised as being in the RAK style.^[121] It is of grey granite and is 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) tall and 0.57 m (1 ft 10 in) wide.^[122] The runestone was first documented during the national search for historic monuments (1667–81) and then it was raised near a number of raised stones. Later the runestone was moved and raised beside Sö 166 at a ditch southwest of Grinda farm.^[122]

It was raised by a mother, Guðrun, in memory of her son, Heðinn. Like runestone Sö 163, it also reports that the man concerned went to Greece and "divided up gold" which may refer to distributing payment to members of the Varangian guard, the division of loot^[119] or having received payment (compare Sö 163, above).^[120] The inscription itself is a poem in fornyrðislag.^[119][122]

Runestone Sö 170 in grey granite is raised north of the former road in Nälberga (location), and the stone is 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall and 0.80 m (2 ft 7 in) wide.^[123] Its style is tentatively given as RAK, and some of the runes are cipher runes in the form of branch runes.^[124] The runic text tells that a man named Báulfr died with the Greeks at a location that has not been clearly identified through several analyses of the cipher runes. Läffler (1907) suggested that the location is to be read Ίθὡμη which is the Greek name for the town and stronghold Ithomi, Messenia, also called Θὡμη.^[125] Báulfr is described as being þróttar þegn or a thegn of strength. The term thegn describes a class of retainer. The phrase þróttar þegn is used on six other runestones,^[126] Sö 90 in Lövhulta, Sö 112 in Kolunda, Sö 151 in Lövsund, and Sö 158 in Österberga, and, in its plural form at Sö 367 in Släbro and Sö Fv1948;295 in Prästgården.

Omeljan Pritsak (1981) comments that among those who raised the memorial, the youngest son Guðvér would become the commander of the Varangian Guard in the mid-11th century, as shown in a second mention of Guðvér on the runestone Sö 217. That stone was raised in memory of one of the members of Guðvér's retinue.^[41]

Runestone Sö 345 (location) was first documented during the national search for historic monuments in 1667, and it was then used as a doorstep to the porch of Ytterjärna church. It had probably been used for this purpose during a considerable period of time, because according to a drawing that was made a few years later, it was very worn down. In 1830 a church revision noted that it was in a ruined state and so worn that only a few runes remained discernible, and when Hermelin later depicted the stone, he noted that the stone had been cracked in two pieces. In 1896, the runologist Erik Brate visited the stone and discovered that one of the pieces had disappeared and that the only remaining part was reclining on the church wall. The remaining piece measured 1.10 m (3 ft 7 in) and 1.15 m (3 ft 9 in).^[127] The stone has since then been reassembled and raised on the cemetery.

Parts B and C are probably not part of the monument and are not translated.^[128]

The Högby runestone (location) is in Ringerike (Pr1) style,^[129] and the reddish granite stone measures 3.45 m (11.3 ft) in height and 0.65 m (2 ft 2 in) in width.^[130] It was formerly inserted into the outer wall of Högby church with the cross side (A) outwards. The church was demolished in 1874, and then side B of the inscription was discovered. The stone was raised anew on the cemetery of the former church.^[130]

The runestone commemorates Özurr, one of the first Varangians known to have died in the service of the Byzantine Emperor, and he is estimated to have died around 1010,^[131] or in the late 10th century.^[28] He was one of the sons of the "good man" Gulli, and the runestone describes a situation that may have been common for Scandinavian families at this time: the stone was made on the orders of Özur's niece, Þorgerðr, in memory of her uncles who were all dead.^[131]

Þorgerðr probably had the stone made as soon as she had learnt that Özurr, the last of her uncles, had died in Greece, and she likely did this to ensure her right of inheritance. The inscription on the reverse side of the stone, relating how her other uncles died, is in fornyrðislag.^[132]

Her uncle Ásmundr probably died in the Battle of Fýrisvellir, in the 980s,^[133] and it was probably at the side of king Eric the Victorious.^[134] Özurr had entered into the service of a more powerful liege and died for the Byzantine Emperor.^[135] Halfdan may have died either on Bornholm or in a holmgang, whereas where Kári died remains uncertain. The most likely interpretation may be that he died on Od, the old name for the north-western cape of Zealand,^[136] but it is also possible that it was at Dundee in Scotland.^[137] Búi's location of death is not given, but Larsson (2002) comments that it was probably in a way that was not considered as glorious as those of his brothers.^[136]

Runestone Ög 94 (location) in the style Ringerike (Pr1),^[138] is in reddish granite and it raised on the former cemetery of Harstad church.^[139] The stone is 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) wide at its base.^[140] The toponymHaðistaðir, which is mentioned in the inscription, refers to modern Haddestad in the vicinity, and it also appears to mention Greece as the location where the deceased died, and it was probably as a member of the Varangian guard. Additionally, the last part of the inscription that mentions the location of his death is probably a poem in fornyrðislag.^[141]

Runestone Vg 178 (location) in style Pr1^[143] used to be outside the church of Kölaby in the cemetery, some ten metres north-north-west of the belfry. The stone consists of flaking gneiss measuring 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) in height and 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) in width.^[144]

The oldest annotation of the stone is in a church inventory from 1829, which says that the stone was illegible. Ljungström documented in 1861 that it was in the rock fence with the inscription facing the cemetery. When Djurklou visited the stone in 1869, it was still in the same spot. Djurklou considered its placement to be unhelpful because a part of the runic band was buried in the soil, so he commanded an honourable farmer to select a group of men and remove the stone from the wall. The next time Djurklou visited the location, he found the stone raised in the cemetery.^[144]

Runestone Sm 46 (location) was in the style RAK^[145] and it was 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) high and 0.86 m (2 ft 10 in) wide.^[146]

The stone was already in a ruined state when Rogberg depicted the stone in 1763. Rogberg noted that it had been used as a bridge across a brook and because of this the runes had been worn down so much that most of them were virtually illegible,^[147] a statement that is contradicted by later depictions. Since the runestone had passed unnoticed by the runologists of the 17th century, it is likely that it was used as a bridge. In a traveller's journal written in 1792 by Hilfeling, the bottom part of the stone is depicted for the first time, though the artist does not appear to have realised that the two parts belonged together. In 1822, Liljegren arrived to depict it. A surviving yet unsigned drawing is attributed to Liljegren (see illustration). In 1922, the runologist Kinander learnt from a local farmer that some 40 years earlier, the runestone had been seen walled into a bridge that was part of the country road, and the inscription had been upwards. Someone had decided to remove the runestone from the bridge and put it beside the road. Kinander wanted to see the stone and was shown a large worn down stone in the garden of Eriksstad.^[148] However, Kinander noted it was not possible to find any remaining runes on what was supposed to be the runestone.^[146]

G 216 (original location) is an 8.5 cm (3.3 in) long, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) wide and 3.3 cm (1.3 in) thick sharpening stone with a runic inscription that was discovered in 1940. It was found by a worker at a depth of 40 cm (16 in) while he dug a shaft for a telephone wire in a field at Timans in Roma.^[150] It is now at the museum Gotlands fornsal with inventory number C 9181.^[150] It has been dated to the late 11th century,^[151] and although the interpretation of its message is uncertain, scholars have generally accepted von Friesen's analysis that it commemorates the travels of two Gotlanders to Greece, Jerusalem, Iceland and the Muslim world (Serkland).^[152]

The inscription created a sensation as it mentions four distant countries that were the targets of adventurous Scandinavian expeditions during the Viking Age. While it also stirred some doubts about whether it was a forgery, thorough geological and runological analyses corroborated its authenticity. The stone had the same patina as other Viking Age stones on all its surfaces and carvings, and it has the normal r-rune with an open side stroke, something that is usually overlooked by forgerers. Moreover, v Friesen commented that there could be no expert on Old Swedish that made a forgery while he correctly wrote krikiaʀ as all reference books of the time incorrectly told that the form was grikir.^[153]

Jansson, Wessén & Svärdström (1978) comment that the personal name that is considered most interesting by scholars is Ormika, which is otherwise only known from the Gutasaga, where it was the name of a free farmer who was baptised by the Norwegian king Saint Olaf in 1029.^[154] The first element ormr ("serpent") is well known from the Old Norse naming tradition, but the second element is the West Germanicdiminutive -ikan, and the lack of the final -n suggests a borrowing from Anglo-Saxon or Old Frisian, although the name is unattested in the West Germanic area. The runologists appreciate the appearance of the nominative form Grikkiaʀ ("Greece") as it is otherwise unattested while other case forms are found on a number of runestones. The place name Jerusalem appears in the Old Gutnish form iaursaliʀ while the westernmost dialect of Old Norse, Old Icelandic, has Jórsalir, and both represent a Scandinavian folk etymological rendering where the first element is interpreted as the name element jór- (from an older *eburaz meaning "boar"). The inscription also shows the only runic appearance of the name of Iceland, while there are five other runic inscriptions in Sweden that mention Serkland.^[154]